Effective lobbying strategies, tactics and ethics can be taught and learned with a combination of rigorous academic research and applied/practical wisdom from professional advocates. (Practical wisdom involves an understanding about the aims of activities in which one is engaged. It’s about improvising and balancing conflicting aims and interpreting rules and procedures in a particular context. It’s about taking on the perspective of others and learning how the other person feels. Practical wisdom is about blending emotions and values with reason to do the right thing.

1. Jan Beyers, University of Antwerp, Belgium: Full Professor of Political Science at the University of Antwerp (Department of Political Science) and  Director of the Antwerp Centre for Institutions and Multilevel Politics (ACIM).  Since 2014,co-editor of the journal Interest Groups and Advocacy.

1. The EU has for many years striven to build a mutually beneficial strategic partnership with Russia based on shared values and principles, such as democracy and rule of law, and on common interests;
2. The EU remains open to such a relationship and to dialogue leading to it, and wishes to return to a cooperative relation with Russia, should the Russian authorities meet their international and legal obligations;

According to Mr. Henry Kissinger, the goal should be to develop a strategic concept for U.S.-Russian relations within which the points of contention may be managed

Key Questions to be addressed

Public affairs practitioners often work: 'in house' for a company, trade association or charity; as an advisor for a political consultancy working with a number of clients or as a freelancer; for a trade union, a political or issue based organisation; or for a government agency or in local government.

Public affairs practitioners can be tasked with a wide range of activities. Some may specialise in media relations, campaign management, local government or ‘Parliamentary Bills’, whilst others will work across the spectrum.

Source OpenSecrets.org

In 2015 industry in the U.S. spent $ 3,195,149,207 lobbying the U.S. Government

Under a two-speed Europe, those that want true political and economic integration may forge ahead unfettered by the skeptics on the sidelines. Outsiders can always stay linked though the single market, but without the power to prevent greater unity in the core.

MIGRATION AND BENEFITS

Author: Alex Pravda, Senior Research Fellow, School of Inter-Disciplinary Area Studies, University of Oxford

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